Coordination practice THE SPANISH AGENCY FOR THE EVALUATION OF PUBLIC POLICIES

The Spanish Agency for the Evaluation of Public Policies (Agenda Estatal de Evaluation de las Politicas Publicas y la Calidad de los Servicios — AEVAL) was established in 2007. One of the original justifications for creating this agency was to improve public policy evaluation with the end result of improving government’s coordination of public policy implementation in the context of a decentralized Spain. From the 1980s, Spain had been transformed from a highly centralized system to a decentralized territory composed of 17 regional governments, or Autonomous Communities, henceforth, ACs. Improving coordination was not the only reason to establish AEVAL, but it is on this task that this chapter focuses. Other important objectives included: promoting a more rational use of public resources; improving public service quality; and bolstering accountability to citizens. However, in the period leading up to its final creation, the political complexities underlying the urge to improve coordination issues as a result of decentralization became apparent. Today, the AEVAL functions as an evaluator of public policy, but significant issues related to coordination practices between central and regional governments remain. This chapter presents and evaluates AEVAL as regards its creation, organization, functions and performance to date.


General politicaladministrative structure
Spain is a decentralised country organised into 17 regions called "comunidades autónomas" and two autonomous cities.The regions are divided as well into 52 provinces.The organisation of public administration in Spain is based on three basic levels of independent and autonomous regional governments: general administration, regional governments and local authorities.The General State Administration comprises the Central Administration, the Peripheral Administration (Government Delegations in the Autonomous Communities) and the Foreign Affairs Administration.
Considering the decentralisation process that occurred in Spain over the past three decades, moving from a highly centralised state to a decentralised state, the number of non-departmental bodies is quite high.However, the proportion of autonomous agencies in Spanish Central Administration is not very high when measured by number of employees, representing approximately 11 per cent of central government, so although the number of agencies is relatively high, the percentage of employees in bodies with a certain autonomy is low.
In the past 30 years, Spain has undergone a deep process of publicadministration reforms.In the 1980s and mid-1990s, the main measures of administrative reform focused on the decentralisation process with the creation and operation of regional governments and the establishment of the basic regulation of local governments.At this time, beyond the implementation of the new model of territorial organisation, an important process of modernisation and reform of the administrative red tape was introduced.
In the early nineties, the main reforms focused on strengthening and deepening the changes that had already begun to take place.In addition, a new vision of "managing" staff began, in line with what had already happened in other European countries, based on the idea that citizens were increasingly treated as consumers, or users of the services of the Administration, in line with the NPM concept.
In 1989, the Ministry of Public Administration began a process of internal debate about public-management modernisation through the elaboration of the "Delphi Study on modernisation of operating procedures in public administration".As a result of this process in 1992 the Plan for Modernisation of the Central Government was approved.
Since 1996 and with the consolidation of the autonomous communitieswith transfers in education and health and the promotion of the Local Agreement (the so-called "second decentralisation") -the actions in the reform and modernisation have focused on five strategies: 1) to set up a flexible, agile and efficient organisational structure; 2) to reform the administrative courts; 3) to establish a new regulatory framework for human resources; 4) to promote efficiency and quality in service delivery; 5) to incorporate new technologies inside public administration.
In addition to these specific measures, a Committee of Experts was constituted in April 2003, composed by professors and senior officials, to advance the public-sector modernisation.
Finally, in 2005 the Spanish government approved the National Reform Programme based on the Lisbon Strategy, including measures that, even if they were economic policies in their broadest sense, have been the basis for many administrative reforms in the last 7 years as, for example, the development of the Law of Agencies, which will be discussed later.

Coordination discourse
In the field of public administration reforms and multi-level territorial governance, the balance is still rather modest.Despite some positive experiences, examples of bad practices, a lack of essential mechanisms of coordination and cooperation among and between political actors and other institutions, plus examples of underdevelopment of citizen participation and accountability, are prevalent.This reveals how much remains unknown in Spain about the agenda of new forms of government and territorial governance, and to what extent fragmentation and traditional views of government management prevail.
The main problem encountered by the Spanish government with regard to coordination problems has been the rapid decentralisation process which occurred in Spain over the last three decades.Although during the 1980s Spanish politicians claimed that the decentralisation process was inspired by a model similar to German federalism, with the aim of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the Spanish public administration, in reality, it was motivated by other factors.The Spanish decentralisation process, instead of integrating existing political and administrative units as in the case of other federal countries, consisted of the gradual dismantling of the General State Administration (AGE) and was based on transfers of material, financial and personal assets from the centre to the periphery, in an attempt to dismantle the Franco administration, and give a "voice" to the various national identities of the Spanish State.This intense process of autonomy and political transfers to the regions led to successive central governments and central state bureaucracies to adopt "survival strategies" to try to maintain their competence in the formulation of public policies and their territorial and social power, by refusing to alter their organisational dimension and reduce their powers, with the consequent problems of coordination and duplication of responsibilities which followed as a result.
Even today, despite the large body of regulations and laws regarding the responsibilities of each level of government, there are significant difficulties in the field of coordination between central government and regional governments.Many plans and programmes of great importance for its undoubted impact are developed, advertised and, where appropriate, driven by different central-government departments without prior knowledge and the participation of regional governments.Moreover, many initiatives undertaken from a regional level are not previously known by the central government.At the regional and sub-regional levels, the coordination of public policies with territorial impact often suffers from the same difficulties.
The lack of political will to acquire institutional coordination arrangements is a major concern in the quest to achieve better results.This statement can be extended from the development of state plans with strong territorial impact, to the management of national parks, the integrated management of coastal areas, water management or interregional cooperation and coordination.In all cases, different levels of government share jurisdiction over the same territory, but there is not always coordination between them.

Policy area
The Spanish General Administration of the State (AGE) -or central government -stretches across the country.It consists of a number of central units and agencies with responsibilities throughout the whole country, and other peripherals units with competence in the Autonomous Regions and provinces.
As regards the central government structure, following a territorial criterion, one can distinguish between central units or bodies embedded in each of the ministries that have competences throughout the whole country; peripheral territorial units, which act as a capillary network of bodies with limited territorial administrative action; and foreign bodies, leading administrative action outside the national territory.
Spain's economic transformation has not overcome yet a number of historical constraints derived from the "old" centralised state, resulting in fragmented and uncoordinated initiatives.Even if the Spanish Constitution defines the scope of authority of the Central Government, the decentralisation process in Spain has been characterised by a strong centralising vocation.
The Spanish Constitution sets out the powers of the Central Government based on territorial criteria and/or the concept of general interest.The territory is used as a criterion for allocation of powers in those areas exceeding the territorial space of the autonomous regions, areas such as railways, roads or public works.The case of general interest as a criterion for allocation of powers is more complex, due to the vagueness of the concept itself, which means that in practice it is the legislator -or the government -who decides the case in which a particular good or service is considered to be of general interest, leading to great complexity in the process of allocation of powers between central and regional governments.
Because of the aforementioned complexity, and although formally the autonomous regions have many of the administrative and executive powers, the reality is far from simple.The complexity of the Spanish model of distribution of powers -along with the AGE resistance to the diverse forms of decentralisation -means that in practice, the duplication of functions and the lack of coordination is the norm rather than the exception.For example the AGE still has its own network of services throughout the Spanish territory in areas such as employment, social security, public safety, tax collection, etc.
To overcome the aforementioned coordination problems, there were few experiences aiming to coordinate and evaluate public policies and management systems, especially before the creation of AEVAL (Agencia Estatal de Evaluacion de las Politicas Públicas y la Calidad de los Servicios, State Agency for Evaluation of Public Policies and Service Quality).The problem was that such experiences and practices were not sufficient to improve the performance of public administration and coordination, due largely to a lack of coordination from different entities, which rendered the result dispersed, unstructured and with a great lack of coordination between territories.One of the main objectives of creating AEVAL was precisely to overcome the aforementioned coordination problems, as we shall discuss later.

COORDINATION PRACTICE:
The Spanish agency for the evaluation of public policies The main goal of the agency is the promotion and carrying out of the evaluation of public policies and programmes managed under the General State Administration, promoting the rational use of public resources, coordination between government levels and promotion of service-quality management.The institutionalisation of evaluation policies in Spain expressly addressed from the outset the question of the territorial distribution of power.
For those who pushed for the agency creation, decentralisation between levels of government -which characterises the Spanish administrationresulted in the emergence of new decision-making processes and new ways of communication between these levels of government and citizenship.Because the decentralisation process in Spain was so rapid, it was followed by coordination problems between different levels of government.In the foundational act of the agency, the expectation was specifically stated that the institutionalisation of evaluation policies would help to solve inter-administrative coordination problems, introduced in the political multilevel configuration of the Spanish State.
The of the agency is to improve the design of public policies and programmes through the analysis of their results and effects to rationalise public spending through resource optimisation, increasing public-servicedelivery quality and facilitating a transparent accountability.Specifically, the agency aims to contribute to: -Improving public-service quality and citizens' knowledge of the effects of public policies.-Promoting greater rationality in public expenditure and the optimal use of resources.Based on the premise that evaluation cannot replace political decision, it can provide evidence and analysis to increase the effectiveness and degree of coordination of public action.-Enhancing productivity and competitiveness of the Spanish economy, eliminating red tape and improving social welfare.-Increasing accountability and the quality of democracy, promoting transparency and citizens' participation.It encourages citizens to find and prosecute public action from the information collected and analysed according to accepted methods, and presented in a useful way to their interests.
To achieve these objectives the agency has three strategic "axes": a) the promotion of an evaluation culture: the need and usefulness of the evaluation; b) realisation of evaluations successfully, and c) improving public organisations' management.
Each of these three "axes" is displayed through different plans and programmes that underpin the operational activities of the agency.Its concretion -objectives, activities, times and responsibilities -is implemented in the Annual Action Plan approved by the Executive Council on a proposal from the president of the agency.

Background and initiation of the practice
In the Government's programme of 2004, in a chapter devoted to public administration, the creation of a State Agency of Evaluation was highlighted as a main priority to help the Spanish public-administration modernisation.
The agency was created in a context in which evaluations had already been tried in Spain, especially in the field of social policies, cooperation, education and health.The agency emerged as an executive commitment to the modernisation of public administration and a key element in the process of institutionalisation of evaluation in Spain.
The first institutional step in the constitution of the agency was a government decision to form an Experts Commission to analyse international experiences, diagnose the situation of evaluation in Spain and make methodological and institutional proposals to establish the agency.
The Experts Commission, composed of academics, professionals from different disciplines and representatives from the Ministries of Public Administration and Economy, concluded its work in October 2004, submitting the report to the Minister of Public Administration.The diagnosis and conclusions contained in this report formed the basis for the preparation and creation of the AEVAL, incorporating many of its recommendations to its design and structure.
In parallel, the desire to create the agency was reflected in the Report on Reforms Progress in the Goods, Services and Capital Markets (2004) and the Update of the Stability Programme for Spain (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), submitted to the European Commission.
Later, the Yellow Book of State Budget for 2006 reaffirms the commitment of the AEVAL creation as part of the Law of Agencies, indicating that their activity will contribute to promoting evaluation culture in Spain, and this way it will push towards a rational and efficient use of public resources, as well as an optimal design of public policies.
The National Reform Programme includes among the measures to improve the regulatory framework and modernise the public administration, the creation of the evaluation agency.This document instructs the agency about the annual realisation of the evaluation of the degree of implementation and success of the main measures of the programme itself.
Finally, the Law of Agencies sets out in its first additional provision that the law authorises the government to create the AEVAL under the Ministry of Public Administration, aimed at promoting and carrying out evaluations of public policies and programmes, promoting the rational use of public resources and the promotion of quality public-service management.
In accordance with this statutory mandate, the Cabinet agreed at its meeting of 1 December 2006 on a Royal Decree (BOE 14-12.06)which approves the statutes of AEVAL and the constitution of it on 1 January 2007.
Time frame AEVAL was set up at the end of 2006.The Contract Management for regulating the operation and actuation of the agency was approved on 4 September 2008 for a period of four years.

Structure and actors
Basic features AEVAL is configured as a public entity under public law with legal personality, its own assets and managerial autonomy.It is under the Ministry of Finance and Public Administration.
The human-resource policy of the agency follows the organisational model provided in State Agencies Law.The incorporation of top public servants from different areas has been encouraged.The organisational structure has a mixed character, which combines hierarchical structures with team organisation based on processes and projects.
According to the agency statutes, the President of the Agency is in charge of two divisions: the Division of Research and Methodologies and a Technical Division, plus three independent departments: Management, Evaluation and Service Quality.
The Management Department is in charge of human-resource management, including internal staff training, economic resources, computer logistics and materials in order to provide the necessary support to the organs and units of the agency for the fulfilment of their duties.It is also responsible for the collection and dissemination of knowledge and documentation material through the agency documentation and information centre.The former centre is the agency accounting office for all legal purposes, and it is the organism responsible for establishing the management accounting system that allows following up agency performance.
The Evaluation Department has the following functions: Realisation of evaluation reports of policies and public programmes; analysis and assessments or regulatory policies, as well as their monitoring and supervision; to participate in the preparation of white papers, reports and strategic plans linked to key public policies or those with an expected broad impact; consultancy work and technical assistance.
The Service Quality Department is in charge of the elaboration of activity reports of the various state agencies in order to improve the quality of service to citizens.It promotes and develops activities of analysis, training and advice in order to improve the public-management quality.

Main tools
As discussed above, the agency's mission is to promote and conduct evaluations and impact analysis of public policies and programmes and the promotion of the quality management of services, promoting the rational use of resources, accountability to citizens and better policy coordination between the different administrations of the state.
The agency aims to generate added value from its contribution to those objectives through the following instruments: -Specific evaluations considered significant or priority.The annual evaluations proposed by the Ministers' Cabinet are the main agency's duty.The agency must make an annual assessment of the main policies of the National Reform Programme.-Promoting the quality of public services such as a commitment to citizenship, encouraging participation and transparency.The agency carries out an annual report to the Congress of Deputies on the activity undertaken by state agencies and their commitments to improve the quality of services provided to citizens.Also, through the Observatory of Public Services Quality, the agency informs regularly about the quality with which public services are delivered, and an annual report on the matter is published.-Preparation and dissemination of methodological guidelines on the assessment and coordination of public policies.The agency does not try to monopolise the evaluation or to impose evaluation standards but to create spaces for dialogue and facilitate the approach to assessment, quality and coordination.The promotion of culture and quality assessment is carried out both in the process of evaluations and through training, exchange of experiences, the establishment of conventions, the dissemination of good practices and the issuance of quality certificates.
Regarding its operational system the agency introduces a performancemanagement system with great autonomy, which is complemented by a control system based on monitoring and accountability of results; AEVAL is a legal autonomous entity with its own assets and treasury management and functional autonomy within the limits established by the Agency Law.
Through a four-year contract, the agency regulates its activity and its relations with the Central Government.The contract will prioritise the different activities and duties of the agency, and it allocates budgetary and human resources for this purpose.
As regards the specific tools to improve inter-territorial coordination, AEVAL establishes collaboration agreements with the autonomous communities to assess and coordinate policies and programmes managed by the regional governments.
An example of an inter-territorial coordination tool, driven by AEVAL, is the inter-territorial network of quality public service management, a network for territorial cooperation between the Spanish national and sub-national governments.It is a cooperation forum composed of bodies responsible for the quality and evaluation of the Central Government, the Autonomous Communities, the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP) and the National Quality Evaluation and Accreditation Agency (ANECA).

Main actors
The AEVAL creation arose from a proposal by the Spanish Government as part of the commitment to provide a more effective response to citizens' needs, being a tool for the implementation of the renewed Lisbon agenda and the implementation of EU Convergence and Employment Programmes.
The first institutional step in the agency's creation was the establishment of a Commission of Experts, which analysed the international experience, diagnosed the situation of evaluation in Spain and made methodological and institutional proposals for the operation of the agency.The Commission, chaired by the former AEVAL president, was composed of academics and professionals from different disciplines as well as public managers.
The The governing council is also composed by three independent directors, who are considered renowned experts in the agency affairs.In order to facilitate administrative cooperation and the institutional participation of the Autonomous Communities, the Statute of the Agency provides the incorporation to the executive board of representatives of those Autonomous Communities.The role and function of the representatives of the autonomous communities, as part of the Executive Council, is the approval of programmes and policies whose evaluation will include the agency in its work plan, and approve the annual action plan of the agency.The intention of the inclusion in the council board of representatives of the different regions is to promote the relationship between AGE and territorial administrations, as a mechanism of participation, collaboration and coordination.

Impacts and effects
To the best of our knowledge, there is no official analysis of the impact AEVAL has had in relation to improving the efficiency of government and inter-territorial coordination.
Since AEVAL was set up, the Economic Policy Division of the Agency has assessed numerous public policies and programmes, such as the evaluation of the National Reform Programme (2007); the policy of administrative procedures for business start-ups (2007); the evaluation of the policy of reducing quotas to Social Security (2008); the evaluation of Recruitment and Training Programmes of the School of Regional Administration (2010), among others.Moreover, AEVAL boosted the aforementioned interterritorial network of quality public service management.
However, despite its numerous activities, the agency does not appear to have been able to solve the problems of inter-coordination, which was one of its key objectives.
Almost seven years after AEVAL's creation, there are still major difficulties in the field of coordination between the central government and regional governments.A large number of programmes and plans of great importance and territorial impact have been prepared and implemented by central-government departments without prior knowledge and without the effective participation of regional governments, and vice versa.Based on the agency reports analysed, it seems that AEVAL has had some relevance in the ex-post evaluation of some of these programmes, but it did not act as a coordination tool between government levels, particularly on plans elaboration and implementation phases.
As noted above, the evaluation activity was conceived by the AEVAL as an instrument of political and administrative structuring and as an instrumental response to the disorder caused by decentralisation and the consequent multiplication of actors involved in the policy management.
However, in light of the practice, the question that emerges is whether the agency has been, in effect, a factor of integration or, rather, it has set new jurisdictional conflict scenarios.According to some evaluators' experience, the institutionalisation of evaluation tends to highlight the specific tensions arising from the decentralisation of powers, at least when this activity is driven from the general administration of the state.
It seems that the institutionalisation of evaluation in Spain, far from being an element of political and administrative rationality as expected of the AEVAL, reveals the tensions of the multilevel Spanish political system, constituting itself the subject of jurisdictional conflict.

Lessons learned and policy recommendations
Although it may be too early to analyse the effects AEVAL had in relation to coordination improvements, it seems that the effect of institutionalising the evaluation in Spain has not had the desired effect, rather the opposite.
In fact, when from the general administration of the state -the central government -comes the decision to evaluate a national policy, the question immediately arises of which is the territorial jurisdiction responsible to assess that policy.This sort of jurisdictional question may make sense, since most policies under evaluation are, in fact, implemented by the different autonomous communities.
However, this conflict, derived from structural tension that confronts the political and administrative centre of the state with the regional "peripheries", combines with specifically partisan tensions due to party discipline or alliances established to govern different autonomous communities.The lack of political will to implement clear and effective institutional coordination instruments in practice may have prevented better results.
Many of the so-called national plans, strategies or programmes are, usually, a good indication of the existence of some kind of "inertia" on a central administration that continues implementing public policies as if Spain was still a centralised state.
This scenario does not seem the most favourable to the institutionalisation of policy evaluation in a decentralised Spain and the deployment of its expected role coordinating a multilevel state structure.Except, perhaps, in a way not expressly contemplated at the time of the creation of AEVAL, that is to legitimise a technical way to introduce economic rationality in the political-territorial distribution of powers and, consequently, reducing inefficiencies of the distribution, which undoubtedly involves eliminating overlaps in public management.
To overcome these problems, the AGE has to fully understand the depth of the changes in the distribution of power and territorial organisation of the state that occurred in Spain.The AGE should promote inter-territorial coordination and cooperation mechanisms in a practical way, not just as a testimonial.It seems necessary that in coordinating bodies, as in the case of AEVAL, the presence of the autonomous communities in the executive councils must cease to be symbolic, as seems to happen today, to thereby ensure that agencies such as AEVAL become instruments for better intergovernmental coordination in practice.

Data and references
The information in this coordination practice example is based on official papers published by the AEVAl on its webpage (www.aeval.es).
A number of articles and working papers have evaluated the creation and work of AEVAI.Some of the most relevant are:

2.1. Substance
agency is part of the Ministry of Public Administration.and its President is appointed by the Council of Ministers upon a proposal of the Minister of Public Administration (now Minister of Finance and Public Administration).The agency's top governing body is the Executive Council.The council board includes personnel appointed by the Department of Public Administration and of Economy and Finance, the Presidency Ministry and the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation respectively.