| dc.description.abstract | Anthropogenic activities have impacted marine ecosystems at extraordinary scales. Biogenic reef ecosystems built by the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) typically declined before scientific monitoring. The past form and extent of these habitats thus remains unknown, with such information potentially providing valuable perspectives for current management and policy. Collating >1,600 records published over 350 years, we created a map of historical oyster reef presence at the resolution of 10 km2 across its biogeographic range, including documenting abundant reef habitats along the coasts of France, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Spatial extent data were available from just 26% of locations yet totalled >1.7 million hectares (median reef size=29.9 ha, range 0.01-1,536,000 ha), with 190 associated macrofauna species from 13 phyla described. Our analysis demonstrates that oyster reefs were once a dominant three-dimensional feature of European coastlines, with their loss pointing to a fundamental restructuring and "flattening" of coastal and shallow-shelf seafloors. This unique empirical record demonstrates the highly degraded nature of European seas and provides key baseline context for international restoration commitments. | es_ES |
| dc.description.sponsorship | We acknowledge the support of the following agencies: European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 856488 – ERC Synergy project ‘SEACHANGE: Quantifying the impact of major cultural transitions on marine ecosystem functioning and biodiversity’) to R.H.T.; Convex Seascape Survey to R.H.T. and C.M.R.; Environment Agency to R.H.T.; Flotilla Foundation to P.S.E.z.E. and H.M.; COST Action MAF-WORLD CA20102, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology; www.cost.eu) to R.H.T., P.S.E.z.E. and F.d.C.; the International Council for Exploitation of the Sea (ICES) Working Group on the History of Fish and Fisheries provided feedback on the work to R.H.T.; The RemediOS Project, developed with the collaboration of the Biodiversity Foundation (Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge), through the Pleamar Program, co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) to F.d.C. and E.G.; Independent Research Fund Denmark, project ‘Living on the Edge – Risk, Resources, Resilience and Relocations in the Western Limfjord, c. 1750-1900’ to B. Poulsen; a pluri-annual agreement between two French National Institutes, Ifremer and OFB, French Office for Biodiversity (Grant Agreement No. OFB.22.0034, ‘REEFOREST: REstoring the European Flat Oyster Reefs & their Ecosystem Services on the french coasT’) to S.P.; RESTORE (FKZ 3516892001, FKZ 3519892016, FKZ 3520892013) and PROCEED (FKZ 3517685013), funded by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) with funds from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMUV) to B.P. and C.P.; UKRI, Cefas and Natural England to T.C.C.; the Irish Research Council (IRC) under their COALESCE call for the ‘Food Smart Dublin project’ (Grant No. COALESCE/2019/97) to C.S.; Project PO-FEAMP (Programma Operativo - Fondo Europeo per gli Affari Marittimi e la Pesca) 2014-2020 ECOGESTOCK ‘Approccio ECOsistemico per la tutela e la GEStione delle risorse biologiche e STOCK ittici nelle acque interne’ and Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4 - Call for tender No. 3138 of 16 December 2021, rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU; Project code CN_00000033, Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP D33C22000960007, Project title National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) to D.G.; the Program LIFE-Climate Change Adaptation (LIFE18 CCA/ES/001160): Adaptation to climate change through management and restoration of European estuarine ecosystems (LIFE ADAPTA BLUES) to J.A.J. and B.O. D.G. thanks M. Doneddu and E. Trainito for shared experience. We thank members of the NORA historical ecology working group and the following collaborators for data and discussion during working group meetings and conferences: A. Debney, C. Gamble, L. Darcy, I. Dummet, F. Sandford, Z. Laurence, C. Ranger, A. Kraidovskiy, A. Fischel, A. Frankic, C. Joanaz de Melo, S. Mortensen, P. Chainho, M. Albentosa, L. Bosseboeuf, C. Bromley, J. Costa, S. Cabral, J. Cano, M. Cornwell, T. Day, S. Hornborg, C. Bertolini, G. Brundu, J. M. Fariñas-Franco, H. Sas, L. de Nicolò, L. Divari, F. Kerckhof, T. Kerkhove, M. J. Rosique, U. Tenreiro, F. Volckaert, R. Whiteley. The NORA Secretariat was funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, BfN) through the Federal Program for Biodiversity and the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research within the project PROCEED (FKZ 3517685013). | es_ES |
Excepto si se señala otra cosa, la licencia del ítem se describe como Attribution 4.0 International
