@article{10902/31617,
year = {2023},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10902/31617},
abstract = {With its unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has opened a new window for time-domain discoveries in the infrared. Here we report observations in the only field that has received four epochs (spanning 126 days) of JWST NIRCam observations in Cycle 1. This field is toward MACS J0416.1−2403, which is a rich galaxy cluster at redshift z = 0.4 and is one of the Hubble Frontier Fields. We have discovered 14 transients from these data. Twelve of these transients happened in three galaxies (with z = 0.94, 1.01, and 2.091) crossing a lensing caustic of the cluster, and these transients are highly magnified by gravitational lensing. These 12 transients are likely of a similar nature to those previously reported based on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data in this field, i.e., individual stars in the highly magnified arcs. However, these 12 could not have been found by HST because they were too red and too faint. The other two transients are associated with background galaxies (z = 2.205 and 0.7093) that are only moderately magnified, and they are likely supernovae. They indicate a demagnified supernova surface density, when monitored at a time cadence of a few months to a ∼3–4 μm survey limit of AB ∼28.5 mag, of ∼0.5 arcmin−2 integrated to z ≈ 2. This survey depth is beyond the capability of HST but can be easily reached by JWST.},
organization = {This work is dedicated to the memory of our dear colleague Mario Nonino, a kind and gentle person and an example for many. We thank the CANUCS team for generously providing early access to their proprietary data of MACS0416. This project is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/ CSA JWST and obtained from the Mikulski Archive for SpaceTelescopes, which is a collaboration between the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI/NASA), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF/ESA), and the Canadian Astronomy Data Center (CADC/NRC/CSA). We thank our Program Coordinator, Tony Roman, for his expert help in scheduling this complex program. This research made use of Photutils, an Astropy package for the detection and photometry of astronomical sources. H.Y. and B.S. acknowledge the partial support from the University of Missouri Research Council Grant URC-23-029. J.M.D. acknowledges the support of project PGC2018-101814-B-100 (MCIU/AEI/MINECO/FEDER, UE) Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigación y Universidades. L.W. acknowledges support from NSF through grant #1813825. S.H.C., R.A.W., and R.A.J. acknowledge support from NASA JWST Interdisciplinary Scientist grants NAG5-12460, NNX14AN10G, and 80NSSC18K0200 from GSFC. ZM is supported in part by National Science Foundation grant #1636621. J.F.B. was supported by NSF grant No. PHY-2012955. C.N.A.W. acknowledges funding from the JWST/NIRCam contract NASS-0215 to the University of Arizona. C.C. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nos. 11803044, 12173045. A.Z. acknowledges support by grant No. 2020750 from the United
States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF), grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation (NSF), and by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel},
publisher = {IOP},
publisher = {Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series, 2023, 269(43)},
title = {JWST''s PEARLS: transients in the MACS J0416.1-2403 field},
author = {Yan, Haojing and Ma, Zhiyuan and Sun, Bangzheng and Wang, Lifan and Kelly, Patrick and Diego Rodríguez, José María and Cohen, Seth H. and Windhorst, Rogier A. and Jansen, Rolf A. and Grogin, Norman A. and Beacom, John F. and Conselice, Christopher J. and Driver, Simon P. and Frye, Brenda and Coe, Dan and Marshall, Madeline A. and Koekemoer, Anton and Willmer, Christopher N. A. and Robotham, Aaron and D'Silva, Jordan C. J.},
}