@article{10902/29123,
year = {2023},
month = {3},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10902/29123},
abstract = {Salinity gradient energy has gained attention in recent years as a renewable energy source, especially employing reverse electrodialysis technology (RED), which is based on the role of ion exchange membranes. In this context, many efforts have been developed by researchers from all over the world to advance the knowledge of this green source of energy. However, the influence of divalent ions on the performance of the technology has not been deeply studied. Basically, divalent ions are responsible for an increased membrane resistance and, therefore, for a decrease in voltage. This work focuses on the estimation of the resistance of the RED membrane working with water flows containing divalent ions, both theoretically by combining the one-thread model with the Donnan exclusion theory for the gel phase, as well as the experimental evaluation with Fumatech membranes FAS-50, FKS-50, FAS-PET-75, and FKS-PET-75. Furthermore, simulated results have been compared to data recently reported with different membranes. Besides, the influence of membrane resistance on the overall performance of reverse electrodialysis technology is evaluated to understand the impact of divalent ions in energy generation. Results reflect a minor effect of sulfate on the gross power in comparison to the effect of calcium and magnesium ions. Thus, this work takes a step forward in the knowledge of reverse electrodialysis technology and the extraction of salinity gradient energy by advancing the influence of divalent ions on energy recovery.},
organization = {The authors of this work would like to acknowledge the financial support from the LIFE program (LIFE19 ENV/ES/000143). The UC team wants to thank J.A. Abarca and F.J. Rodríguez-Oria for their help in impedance measurements and SGP-RED experiences. This work was also facilitated by REDstack BV in the Netherlands. REDstack BV aims to develop and market the ED and the RED technology. J.V. would like to thank his colleagues from the REDstack company for the fruitful discussions.},
publisher = {MDPI},
publisher = {Membranes, 2023, 13(3), 322},
title = {Resistance of ion exchange membranes in aqueous mixtures of monovalent and divalent ions and the effect on reverse electrodialysis},
author = {Veerman, Joost and Gómez Coma, Lucía and Ortiz Sainz de Aja, Alfredo and Ortiz Uribe, Inmaculada},
}